Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite     

Fiona L. Gill  Matthew P. Crump  Remmert Schouten  Ian D. Bull 《Quaternary Research》2009,72(2):284-288

Coprolites can provide detailed information about the nutritional habits and digestive processes of the animals that produced them and may also yield information about the palaeoenvironment in which the animal existed. To test the utility of the lipid biomarker approach to coprolite analysis, lipids were extracted from a coprolite of the Pleistocene ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry results revealed a dominant spiroketal sapogenin component identified, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as epismilagenin. The dominance of epismilagenin is probably due to ingestion of Yucca spp. and Agave spp., which is consistent with previous studies on the diet of this species.  相似文献   

Micro-FTIR spectroscopic signatures of Bacterial lipids in Proterozoic microfossils     

Motoko Igisu  Yuichiro Ueno  Mie Shimojima  Satoru Nakashima  Stanley M. Awramik  Hiroyuki Ohta  Shigenori Maruyama   《Precambrian Research》2009,173(1-4):19

Precambrian microbial fossils show carbonaceous cellular structure, which often resemble in shape and size cyanobacteria and other prokaryotes. Morphological taxonomy of these minute, simple, and more or less degraded fossils is, however, often not enough to determine their precise phylogenetic positions. Here we report the results of micro-FTIR spectroscopic analyses of well-preserved microfossils in 850 Ma and 1900 Ma stromatolites, together with those of 8 species of extant prokaryotes and 5 of eukaryotes for comparison. These Proterozoic fossils have low CH₃/CH₂ absorbance ratios (R_3/2 < 0.5) of aliphatic CH moieties, suggesting selective preservation of long, straight, aliphatic carbon chains probably derived from bacterial membrane lipids. All the observed R_3/2 values of coccoids, filaments and amorphous organic matter resemble lipid fractions of extant Bacteria including cyanobacteria, but not Archaea. The results indicate that Proterozoic microfossils belong to Bacteria, which is consistent with the cyanobacterial origin inferred from morphology. Moreover, the R_3/2 value of fossilized cell would reflect chemical composition of its precursor membrane lipid, thus could be a useful new tracer for distinguishing Archaea, Bacteria and possibly Eucarya for fossilized and extant microorganisms.  相似文献   

植硅体稳定同位素生物地球化学研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李仁成  谢树成  顾延生 《地球科学进展》2010,25(8):812-819

植硅体形态鉴定与组合分析广泛应用于古环境重建和农作物起源分析等.鉴于植硅体的抗腐蚀、抗降解,易保存,锢囚的碳不易污染,且保存了植物的原始信息等特性,其有机地球化学研究日益被重视.植硅体稳定同位素分析表明植硅体是植物通过吸收单硅酸,以蒸腾作用为主要动力,在植物的不同部位发生同位素分馏淀积形成,其稳定同位素组成具有丰富的植物生理和环境信息.植物不同部位植硅体稳定同位素组成具有差异,其含量和硅、氧同位素值沿蒸腾流通常有增加的趋势.沉积物植硅体碳同位素分析不仅可以用于恢复草本的C3、C4植物生物量的比例,并且有可能重建古大气的碳同位素构成,是三者中最具有潜力的考古学、古环境研究的指标.植硅体有机化学组成分析,特别是类脂物分析,有利于认识植硅体碳同位素值相对于总有机碳偏负,C3、C4草本植硅体同位素差值范围缩小的原因.  相似文献   

饲料中的维生素E对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪过氧化及抗氧化能力的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

魏玉婷  王小洁  麦康森  艾庆辉 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,41(6):45-50

采用6种维生素E(VE)含量为26、52、66、132、191、339 mg/kg饲料干质量的等氮等能实验饲料,研究饲料中维生素E对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长,肝脏和肌肉中的硫代巴必妥酸反应底物(TBARS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的影响。结果表明大菱鲆的生长和体成分受饲料中VE含量的影响产生的差异不显著,然而肝脏和血清中的VE含量以及肝脏和肌肉中的硫代巴必妥酸底物(TBARS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和肝脏总抗氧化力(T-AOC)则受其影响显著(P<0.05)。结果显示大菱鲆幼鱼摄取不适宜量的VE时在表现出各种缺乏症之前会先发生脂肪过氧化现象,同时饲料中的VE能够有效提高大菱鲆幼鱼的抗氧化能力。  相似文献   

Antioxidant response of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica when epiphytized by the invasive macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii     

Sureda A  Box A  Terrados J  Deudero S  Pons A 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(3):359-363

The aim was to evaluate the antioxidant defences and the occurrence of oxidative damage in Posidonia oceanica under a stress situation due to the epiphytism of the invasive macroalgae Lophocladia lallemandii. P. oceanica leaves were collected in the absence (control station) and in the presence of the epiphytic algae L. lallemandii and the antioxidant enzyme activities, markers of oxidative damage, and hydrogen peroxide production were determined. Antioxidant enzyme - catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase - activities were significantly higher in Posidonia epiphytized by L. lallemandii. Malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl derivates, and glutathione levels were also higher in L. lallemandii epiphytized P. oceanica leaves compared to control samples. The production of hydrogen peroxide was also significantly increased when Posidonia was epiphytized by L. lallemandii. The invasion of P. oceanica meadows by L. lallemandii appeared to induce oxidative stress in the seagrass as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant defences.  相似文献   

两株硅藻筒柱藻和纤细角毛藻的油脂生产     

彭小伟  张维  刘天中 《海洋科学》2013,37(2):43-47

通过气泡柱光反应器评价了两株硅藻筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca fusiformis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)的生物量、油脂及甘油三脂的积累.结果发现,其生物量与油脂产率相当,脂肪酸组成方面,也均以C16:0和C16:1为主,但是筒柱藻的油脂组成以甘油三酯为主,纤细角毛藻的油脂以单酰甘油酯、磷脂和糖脂为主.通过培养条件的优化,发现相比于降低初始氮元素与硅元素,降低培养液盐度,能够获得更高的生物量、油脂以及甘油三脂产率.通过筒柱藻批次培养最高获得了0.36 g/(L·d)的甘油三脂产率,且甘三酯占收获干物质的50%以上,具有相当好的应用潜力.  相似文献   

Lipid and 13C signatures of submicron and suspended particulate organic matter in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific: Implications for the contribution of Bacteria     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

The contribution of bacterial biomass to total particulate organic matter (POM) in the ocean, including exported material, is poorly constrained. To examine potential signatures for the presence and export of bacterioplankton and their detrital remains, here we provide a detailed compound-specific ¹³C characterization of fatty acids from membrane polar lipids obtained from a water column profile in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. POM of submicron size (0.2–0.7 μm; “X-POM”) was sampled and analyzed separately from the size class typically collected as “suspended” POM (0.7–53 μm; “L-POM”). The distributions of polar head group classes, specific fatty acid side chains, and natural ¹³C contents all vary, both between particle size classes and with depth in the water column. In general, the polar lipids in submicron material – and by inference, lipids of bacterial origin – have higher ¹³C content than polar lipids from larger POM and are equally abundant. Lipid signatures from the photic zone appear to be partially conserved in the suspended pool during transit down the water column. However, bacterial heterotrophy and possibly chemoautotrophy partially overprint these surface signatures. In addition, active metabolisms in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) appear to mediate the disaggregation of POM transported from the surface, thus adding complexity to the pathways of mid-water carbon flux and providing additional organic substrates to the OMZ and below. This “substrate injection” may provide important fuel for the denitrification and anammox reactions. Finally, examination of ¹³C content in polar lipids provides a basis for new interpretation of depth-related variations in δ¹³C values of bulk suspended POM.  相似文献   

Variation of Antioxidant System in Pinus armandii under Elevated O3 in an Entire Growth Season     

Kun Yan  Xingyuan He  Wei Chen  Tao Lu  Sheng Xu  Hongbo Shao  Guoyou Zhang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(1):5-10

Impact of elevated O₃ (80 nmol mol^?1) was studied on antioxidant system in the previous‐year needles (P‐needles) of Pinus armandii under the background of global climate change. CAT (catalase) did not play an important role in defensing O₃ pollution, as no significant change was observed in its activity in P‐needles exposed to elevated O₃ during the entire growth season. Ascorbate (AsA) was more sensitive to elevated O₃, as the O₃‐induced decrease in its content was observed at Day 45. It suggests that AsA consumption was a crucial way for protecting against O₃ pollution. After 75 days of O₃ exposure, increase in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities occurred in P‐needles (p < 0.05), whereas glutathione reductase activity was significantly increased after 105 days of O₃ treatment (p < 0.05). Dehydroascorbate reductase and monoascorbate reductase activities also increased after 75 days of elevated O₃ exposure. However, the elevated antioxidant capability did not suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species, and as a result, increase in malondialdehyde content was noted (p < 0.05). Noticeably, no change was observed in electrolyte leakage during the entire growth season under elevated O₃ fumigation. It indicates that O₃‐induced oxidative stress was not severe in the needles of P. armandii. In other words, P. armandii has certain tolerance to O₃ pollution.  相似文献   

Protective effects of oyster extract against hepatic tissue injury in alcoholic liver diseases     

ZHANG Cuiping  LI Xiaoyu  JING Xue  ZHANG Bo  ZHANG Qi  NIU Qinghui  WANG Jianjun  and TIAN Zibin 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,13(2):262-270

Oyster extract is an effective bioactivity component. It has abundant nutritional value and antiviral, antitumor and immune defense functions. The role of oyster extract in treating liver injury has been paid more attention. We use Wistar rats to make alcoholic liver disease model through injecting alcohol into rats' stomachs. These rats were randomly divided into five groups: model group, control group, low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose experimental group with a dose of 0.12 g kg-1, 0.40 g kg-1, and 1.20 g kg-1 alcoholic. After nine weeks, serum biomarkers(ALT, AST, TG and TCHO), malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione(GSH), C3a, C5a, IL-17, TNF-ɑ, anti-MAA-HAS IgG, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cell activation and zinc content were assessed. The results showed that the serum biomarkers(ALT, AST, TG and TCHO), MDA content, anti-MAA-HSA IgG, serum C3a, C5a IL-17 and TNF-ɑ levels of oyster extract treatment groups were significantly decreased in comparison with model group. On the contrary, GSH showed adverse trend. Serum CD3+, CD4+ and NK cell activation were significantly increased in middle-dose group and high-dose group compared with model group, and there was decrease of CD8+ activity in high-dose group. Plasma Zn level was decreased in model group compared with that in control group. Meanwhile, Mean plasma Zn levels increased dramatically following the dose increase of a given oyster extract.  相似文献   

Studies on the effects on growth and antioxidant responses of two marine microalgal species to uniconazole   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xueqiao Mei  Kang Zheng  Lingdong Wang  Yantuan Li 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,13(5):877-882

Uniconazole, as a plant growth retardant, can enhance stress tolerance in plants, possibly because of improved antioxidation defense mechanisms with higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) enzymes that retard lipid peroxidation and membrane deterioration. These years much attention has been focused on the responses of antioxidant system in plants to uniconazole stress, but such studies on aquatic organism are very few. Moreover, no information is available on growth and antioxidant response in marine microalgae to uniconazole. In this paper, the growth and antioxidant responses of two marine microalgal species, Platymonas helgolandica and Pavlova viridis, at six uniconazole concentrations(0-15 mg L-1) were investigated. The results demonstrated that 3 mg L-1 uniconazole could increase significantly chlorophyll a and carbohydrate contents of P. helgolandica(P 0.05). Higher concentrations(≥12 mg L-1) of uniconazole could inhibit significantly the growth, dry weight, chlorophyll-a and carbohydrate contents of P. helgolandica and P. viridis(P 0.05). Uniconazole caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation production(MDA) at higher concentrations(≥ 9 mg L-1). The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were enhanced remarkably at low concentrations of uniconazole. However, significant reduction of SOD and CAT activities was observed at higher concentrations of uniconazole.  相似文献